![]() ![]() Several vegan communities were established around this time. Sylvester Graham's meatless Graham diet-mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with stoneground flour-became popular as a health remedy in the 1830s in the United States. Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation" and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together". In 1813, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet, advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, William Lambe, a London physician, said that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne. A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States. 270)-that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals. Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls, animal welfare, and the view-espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium ("On Abstinence from Animal Food", c. One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al-Maʿarri, famous for his poem "I No Longer Steal From Nature". ![]() Eudoxus of Cnidus, a student of Archytas and Plato, writes, "Pythagoras was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters". He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans and wearing woolen garments. The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism, but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism. Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha, Mahavira, Acharya Kundakunda, Umaswati, Samantabhadra, and Valluvar the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka Greek philosophers such as Empedocles, Theophrastus, Plutarch, Plotinus, and Porphyry and the Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger. Vegetarianism can be traced to Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in northern and western ancient India. The earliest known written use is attributed to actress, writer and abolitionist Fanny Kemble, in her Journal of a Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838–1839. Its origin is an irregular compound of vegetable and the suffix -arian (in the sense of "supporter, believer" as in humanitarian). The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously called a vegetable regimen or diet. Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s. The word vegan was coined by Donald Watson and his later wife Dorothy Morgan in 1944. Vitamin B 12 supplementation is important because its deficiency can cause blood disorders and potentially irreversible neurological damage this danger is also one of the most common in poorly planned non-vegan diets. As a result of the elimination of all animal products, a poorly planned vegan or any other diet can lead to nutritional deficiencies that counteract its beneficial effects and cause serious health issues, some of which can only be prevented with fortified foods or dietary supplements. Vegan diets tend to be higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, and phytochemicals, and lower in dietary energy, saturated fat, cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acid, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B 12. Another motivation for veganism is concern about animal welfare. Another term is " environmental veganism", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the grounds that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable. An ethical vegan is someone who not only excludes animal products from their diet but also tries to avoid using animals, animal products, and animal-tested products when practical. Some close to being vegans, also known as "strict vegetarians", refrain from consuming meat, eggs, dairy products, and any other animal-derived substances. There are no distinctions or categories of veganism. A person who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan. Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of all animal products-particularly in diet-and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. James Pierrepont Greaves (1777–1842) ĭorothy Morgan and Donald Watson (November 1944). ![]()
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